@USDA_APHIS #WildlifeServices
Background story of USDA Wildlife Services:
http://stopusdawsabuse.blogspot.com/p/predator-defense.html
http://stopusdawsabuse.blogspot.com/p/usda-ws-united-states-department-of.html
USDA Wildlife Services reports killing 2.7 million animals
during fiscal year 2014.
Since 1996, Wildlife Services has shot, poisoned and strangled by snare,
nearly 30 million native animals.
Stopping the slaughter of America’s native wildlife, one county at a time.
http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/center/articles/2015/sacramento-bee-04-25-2015.html
Ending the War on Wildlife
http://www.wildearthguardians.org/site/PageServer?pagename=priorities_wildlife_war_wildlife#.VU_VqtrBzRY
Petition targets ‘rogue’ killings by Wildlife Services
http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/petition-targets-rogue-killings-by-wildlife-services/2013/12/15/c749b3b2-5e8b-11e3-bc56-c6ca94801fac_story.html
Petition to USDA-Wildlife Services Receiving Broad Support!
https://birdallyx.wordpress.com/2014/06/25/petition-to-usda-wildlife-services-receiving-broad-support/
USDA Wildlife Services responds directly to BAX co-director over Change.org petition
https://birdallyx.wordpress.com/2014/06/27/usda-wildlife-services-responds-directly-to-bax-co-director-over-change-org-petition/
You can speak up for our American wildlife, tell USDA WildlifeServices that our wildlife deserve far better than wholesale slaughter :
If you are able, please contact your Congressional Senators and Representatives, tell them that we need immediate review and reform of the wildlife control that USDA_APHIS condones and practices.
Find your Congressional contacts through email or telephone here:
U.S.A. senator email contacts :
http://www.house.gov/
U.S.A. House of Representative email contacts :
http://www.house.gov/representatives/find/
If you prefer to make contact with your
U.S.A. Senate by phone
http://www.house.gov/representatives/
If you prefer to make contact with your
U.S.A. representative by phone
U.S.A. SENATE
PHONE NUMBER CONTACTS
http://www.senate.gov/general/contact_information/senators_cfm.cfm
Petitions to stop USDA Wildlife Abuse:
1. Stop the USDA's Wildlife Services from Senselessly Slaughtering Our Wildlife
http://www.thepetitionsite.com/105/819/148/stop-the-usdas-wildlife-services-from-senselessly-slaughtering-our-wildlife/
2. Put an end to the USDA-Wildlife Services intentional and excessive killing of American wildlife using poison, firearms, steel traps, snares and dogs.
http://petitions.moveon.org/sign/put-an-end-to-the-usda
3. Petitioning Secretary, U.S. Department of Agriculture Tom Vilsack and 2 others
Stop slaughtering millions of wild animals
https://www.change.org/p/wildlife-services-stop-slaughtering-millions-of-wild-animals
4. Petition to Reform Wildlife Services
https://awionline.org/awi-quarterly/2014-winter/petition-reform-wildlife-services
#USDAWildlifeServices
Reposted from The Wildlife News
Lawsuit Challenges Government’s Large-scale
Wildlife Killing in Idaho
Wildlife Killing in Idaho
by PRESS RELEASES on FEBRUARY 11, 2015 · 89 COMMENTS · in GRAZING AND LIVESTOCK, IDAHO, PREDATOR CONTROL, PREDATOR KILLING, PRESS RELEASE, WESTERN WATERSHEDS PROJECT
Killing Thousands of Animals
Each Year Violates Environmental Laws
Each Year Violates Environmental Laws
BOISE, Idaho— Five conservation groups filed a lawsuit today over the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s failure to fully analyze and disclose the impact of its “Wildlife Services” program in Idaho, which kills thousands of wolves, coyotes, foxes, cougars, birds and other wild animals each year at taxpayer expense. The multimillion-dollar federal program, whose work primarily benefits the agriculture industry, relies on an array of lethal methods including aerial and ground shooting, poison, trapping and explosives.
Following a notice of intent to sue sent by the conservation groups in September 2014, the agency agreed to prepare a new environmental analysis for its wildlife-killing activities in Idaho — an incremental step that falls short of the more comprehensive analysis required by law. Today’s lawsuit seeks long-term changes in the agency’s operations to adopt nonlethal methods, as well as the development of an environmental impact statement to analyze the impacts of killing wildlife across the state year after year.
“Wildlife Services spends millions of dollars each year to indiscriminately shoot, poison and trap coyotes, wolves, mountain lions, foxes, badgers and many other wildlife species — yet it refuses to comply with our nation’s basic environmental laws,” said Laird J. Lucas, director of litigation at Advocates for the West. “This lawsuit will shine a bright line on this rogue agency and force it to reveal publicly exactly what wildlife killing programs it is engaged in and the adverse impacts of those activities.”
“A transparent and public analysis of Wildlife Services’ activities is long overdue,” said Greta Anderson, deputy director of Western Watersheds Project, adding that “Wildlife Services’ wanton killing of Idaho’s wildlife is morally wrong, environmentally counterproductive, and procedurally illegal.”
The agency has never comprehensively examined how its actions affect grizzly bears, Canada lynx and bull trout, all protected under the Endangered Species Act. The agency sets traps and snares across the state that accidentally capture and kill federally protected wildlife, as well as domestic pets. Bull trout are killed when the agency detonates explosives to remove beaver dams.
“Without a comprehensive analysis of Wildlife Service’s wildlife-killing activities across the state, it’s impossible to know whether it’s leading to widespread damage to other species like grizzly bears,” said Andrea Santarsiere, staff attorney at the Center for Biological Diversity. “The public deserves more, and so does Idaho’s wildlife.”
“Shrouded in secrecy, Wildlife Services operates as though it is above the law, further endangering already imperiled species and wasting our taxpayer dollars,” said Bethany Cotton, wildlife program director for WildEarth Guardians. “A full accounting and scientific analysis of Wildlife Services’ cruel practices is long overdue.”
The state of knowledge about the impacts of wildlife killing has changed significantly over the years. “Current science doesn’t support the arbitrary killing of animals as a ‘management’ tool,” added Camilla Fox, founder and executive director of Project Coyote. “For example, killing wolves and coyotes indiscriminately can exacerbate livestock conflicts and is simply a waste of taxpayer dollars.”
“The long reach of this killing program kills key predators like wolves even in remote wildlands like the backcountry of the Clearwater Basin,” said Gary Macfarlane of Friends of the Clearwater. “It is past time the agency is held accountable to we the people.”
In 2013 Wildlife Services killed more than 3,000 mammals in Idaho using methods such as aerial gunning, neck snares, foothold traps, and toxic devices known as M-44s that spray sodium cyanide into the victim’s mouth, causing tremendous suffering and releasing toxic chemicals into the environment.
The following:
Western Watersheds Project http://www.westernwatersheds.org/
WildEarth Guardians http://www.wildearthguardians.org/
The Center for Biological Diversity http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/
Friends of the Clearwater http://www.friendsoftheclearwater.org/
Project Coyote
Are represented by attorneys Laurie Rule and Talasi Brooks of Advocates for the West,
and Kristin Ruether of Western Watersheds Project http://www.westernwatersheds.org/
A copy of today’s filing can be read online here. http://www.thewildlifenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/complaint_filed.pdf
#USDAWildlifeServices
Reposted from Wisconsin Wildlife Ethic :
Update on Project Coyote!
July 8. 2014
Wyoming-based Wildlife Services employee Jamie P. Olson’s dogs tormenting and mauling trapped wildlife…that includes coyotes, bobcats and raccoons.
Wisconsin Wildlife Ethic is re-blogging Project Coyote’s link to the petition to fire Jamie Olson for animal cruelty and hopefully, end Wildlife Services federal program of killing 4-5 million wild animals a year to service the ranchers and hunters. Wildlife “Services” traps, bludgeons, and kills, often using poisons that indiscriminately go through the chain of life, and kill even endangered species, often on purpose plus the collateral damage. It can be ended only with public attention and demand.
We’re Making Progress! Important Update Below.
Project Coyote
http://www.projectcoyote.org/
United States
Jul 7, 2014 — Dear Petition Supporters,
We want to provide you with an important update and thank you for signing our petition calling for an investigation into the culture of cruelty that exists within the USDA Wildlife Services (WS) agency and demanding that federal trapper Jamie Olson be terminated for his egregious abuse and torture of wildlife.
We are very excited to announce our petition has exceeded 100,000 signatures thanks to each of you! Please help us reach—and hopefully exceed — our current goal of 150,000 signatures by sharing our petition through email and social networking sites.
With our allies, we are making progress in efforts to expose the atrocities behind the USDA’s Wildlife Services animal damage program. Last year, we filed a joint petition (with the Center for Biological Diversity and the Animal Welfare Institute) with the Obama administration to reform Wildlife Services. The petition was filed with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which oversees Wildlife Services. Astoundingly, this federal agency has no formal rules governing their practices and no public oversight! A response to the petition is required by law.
An unprecedented audit of Wildlife Services is to follow, with several objectives, including but not limited to, “determine whether wildlife damage management activities were justified and effective”. The audit of Wildlife Services by the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Inspector General for reckless predator control, animal abuse and failure to account for costs was recently a nationally featured story in the LA Times.
The secretive “killing agency” continues to receive national media attention and increased public scrutiny. In a recent Washington Post article by Daryl Fears, “USDA’s Wildlife Services Killed 4 Million Animals in 2013; Seen as an Overstep by Some,” Fears provides a partial list of some of the more than 4 million animals killed by Wildlife Services, included 75,326 coyotes, 866 bobcats, 528 river otters, 3,700 foxes, 12, 186 prairie dogs, 973 red-tailed hawks, 419 black bears and at least three eagles.
We are also addressing this issue at the state and local levels. On June 30th, Project Coyote and a coalition of conservation groups sent formal letters to the Humboldt and Mendocino County boards of supervisors demanding the immediate termination of their contracts with the USDA’s Wildlife Services program. Wildlife Services indiscriminately kills tens of thousands of native wild animals in California every year. Using a unique legal strategy, the letters make the case that the animal damage control programs operate without adequate environmental review under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) and violate the Public Trust Doctrine. The letters ask the counties to undertake appropriate environmental review under CEQA and ensure proper protections. Under CEQA, the counties have a duty to review the impacts of activities that affect California’s environment, including wildlife. Under the California public trust doctrine Mendocino County, Humboldt County and CDFW are obligated to regulate California’s wildlife resources in a manner that benefits all citizens. The letters serve to inform the counties of their failure to follow the legal procedure mandated by CEQA and to fulfill their legal duties under the public trust doctrine. The letters also urge the counties to institute a non-lethal animal damage control program, similar to the one used in Marin County, which recognizes the ecological benefits of predators. Just one day after our coalition’s demands for contract terminations were submitted, the Humboldt County Board of Supervisors made the decision to delay renewal of their contract with Wildlife Services pending reevaluation of the issues.
Again, we are so grateful to all of you for signing our petition and speaking out against this agency’s unconscionable cruelty toward wildlife. Please share our petition with friends, family and colleagues and help us reach our goal of 150,000! Links to all news articles and news release referenced in this update can be found below.
Thank you,
The Project Coyote Team
https://www.change.org/petitions/fire-usda-wildlife-services-federal-trapper-jamie-olson-for-animal-cruelty
http://wiwildlifeethic.org/2014/07/08/7330/
#USDAWildlifeServices
Reposted from The Eco Report:
HUMBOLDT COUNTY BOARD OF SUPERVISORS PUTS CONTRACT RENEWAL WITH WILDLIFE SERVICES ON HOLD
JULY 2, 2014
AMEUREKA, Calif.— One day after a broad coalition of national animal and conservation groups urged the Humboldt County Board of Supervisors to terminate its contract with the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Wildlife Services, the board assented to a citizen request to delay consideration of contract renewal for at least a month in order to reevaluate the issues.
At its meeting on Tuesday, the board had scheduled a vote on the county’s annual renewal of its contract with Wildlife Services, a federal program that kills tens of thousands of native wild animals in California every year. But on a citizens’ request submitted by local wildlife rehabilitator Monte Merrick, the board decided to remove the renewal item from its consent calendar, delaying it at least another month as the county considers the issues raised by Merrick and the coalition.
“I am elated that the board has agreed to consider whether to renew its contract with Wildlife Services,” said Merrick. “Wildlife Services is increasingly controversial and there are better options to address wildlife conflicts.”
The coalition groups sent a formal letter asking the county to undertake an environmental review and ensure proper protections — as required under California state law — prior to hiring Wildlife Services to kill any additional wildlife. Last year, in response to a similar letter from the Animal Legal Defense Fund, Sonoma County’s Board of Supervisors opted not to renew the county’s contract with Wildlife Services and is now conducting a review of its wildlife policies. Marin County cancelled its contract with Wildlife Services 14 years ago and implemented a nonlethal predator-control program. As a result the county has seen a 62 percent decrease in livestock predation at one-third of the former cost.
Since 2000 Wildlife Services has spent a billion taxpayer dollars to kill a million coyotes and other predators across the nation. The excessive killing continues unchecked despite extensive peer-reviewed science showing that reckless destruction of native predators leads to broad ecological devastation. The indiscriminate methods used by Wildlife Services have killed more than 50,000 “nontarget” animals in the past decade, including endangered condors and bald eagles. The program recently released data showing that it killed over 4 million animals during fiscal year 2013 using a variety of methods, including steel-jaw leghold and body-crushing traps and wire snares. These devices maim and trap animals, who then may take several days to die. In 1998 California voters banned several of these methods, including leghold traps.
“Humboldt County has a chance to be a leader in California wildlife management by eliminating their contract with Wildlife Services,” said Stephen Wells, executive director of the Animal Legal Defense Fund. “Nonlethal predator control has proven to be more humane, more cost-efficient, and more effective — it’s simply the right thing to do for the county.”
“We are glad to see that Humboldt County is pushing the ‘pause’ button on its relationship with Wildlife Services,” said Tim Ream of the Center for Biological Diversity. “We hope that the county will do the wise thing and terminate its relationship with Wildlife Services altogether.”
“Humboldt County has an opportunity to do what’s right here by reviewing their contract with Wildlife Services and shifting towards a nonlethal program that is ecologically, economically and ethically justifiable,” said Camilla Fox, Project Coyote founder and executive director, who helped develop Marin’s nonlethal program. “We pledge our assistance to the county toward this end and urge the Board of Supervisors to emulate the successful Marin County Livestock and Wildlife Protection Program that provides non-lethal assistance to ranchers.”
“The last thing the county that is home to such special places as the Lost Coast and Redwood National Park should be doing is allowing Wildlife Services to trap and kill its native wildlife,” said Elly Pepper, an NRDC wildlife advocate. “Using nonlethal methods to balance its incomparable natural beauty with its critters is a much better use of county residents’ money.”
“It is time to put aside the unchecked assumption that wildlife conflicts can only be solved via Wildlife Services’ draconian, outdated killing methods,” said Tara Zuardo, wildlife attorney at the Animal Welfare Institute. “We salute Humboldt County for stepping back to reevaluate its options — a move that will hopefully lead to more humane, less costly and more effective methods of wildlife management.”
ANIMAL LEGAL DEFENSE FUNDANIMAL WELFARE INSTITUTECENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITYHUMBOLDT COUNTYMARIN COUNTY'S CONTRACT WITH WILDLIFE SERVICESMONTE MERRICKPROJECT COYOTEWILDLIFE SERVICES
ANIMALS, CALIFORNIA, PROJECT COYOTE
#USDAWildlifeServices
Reposted from Exposing the Big Game
Humbolt and Mendocino Counties Urged to Void Contract with Secretive, Inhumane Wildlife Services
Posted on July 2, 2014
http://www.theecoreport.com/green-blogs/area/usa/california/humboldt-and-mendocino-counties-urged-to-void-contract-with-secretive-inhumane-wildlife-services/
June 30, 2014
Indiscriminate Killing, Environmental Destruction, and Legal Violations Spark Controversy
A joint Press Release from the organizations listed below
AMSAN FRANCISCO – A broad coalition of national animal and conservation groups sent formal letters to the Humboldt County and Mendocino County boards of supervisors today urging them to terminate their contracts with the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Wildlife Services, which indiscriminately kills tens of thousands of native wild animals in California every year, including coyotes, bears, foxes and mountain lions. The letters ask the counties to undertake appropriate environmental review and ensure proper protections prior to hiring Wildlife Services to kill any additional wildlife, as required under California state law. Last year, in response to a similar letter from the Animal Legal Defense Fund, Sonoma County’s Board of Supervisors opted not to renew the county’s contract with Wildlife Services; it is now conducting a review of its wildlife policies. Marin County cancelled its contract with Wildlife Services 14 years ago and implemented a nonlethal predator-control program. As a result, the county has seen a 62 percent decrease in livestock predation at one-third of the former cost.
Since 2000 Wildlife Services has spent a billion taxpayer dollars to kill a million coyotes across the nation. The excessive killing continues unchecked despite extensive peer-reviewed science showing that reckless destruction of native predators leads to broad ecological devastation. The indiscriminate methods used by Wildlife Services have killed more than 50,000 “non-target” animals in the past decade, including endangered condors and bald eagles. The agency deploys steel-jaw leghold and body-crushing traps and wire snares, which maim and trap animals, who then may take several days to die. These devices have also injured hikers and killed pets — not only in wilderness and rural areas, but often in populated suburban landscapes. In 1998 California voters banned several of these methods, including leghold traps.Last year Wildlife Services drew national public scrutiny when employee Jamie P. Olson posted pictures on social media of his hunting dogs mauling coyotes caught in leghold traps. Another agency trapper, Russell Files, was charged with animal cruelty for intentionally maiming his neighbor’s dog with multiple leghold traps.
“California taxpayers may be shocked to know their dollars are funding a rogue agency that recklessly kills predators, endangered animals, and pets,” said Stephen Wells, executive director of the Animal Legal Defense Fund. “We urge Mendocino and Humboldt to follow the example of counties that use more humane and more effective methods of predator control.”
“Despite growing public outcry, calls for reform by members of Congress and an ongoing investigation by the Agriculture Department’s inspector general, Wildlife Services poisoned, strangled and shot more than 2 million native animals last year, an increase of almost 30 percent over the year before,” said Tim Ream, a staff attorney with the Center for Biological Diversity’s endangered species program. “Taxpayers in Mendocino and Humboldt should follow the lead of Sonoma and Marin and stop the slaughter.”
“Marin County’s Livestock and Wildlife Protection Program demonstrates that killing wildlife is not necessary to reduce conflicts,” said Camilla Fox, Project Coyote founder and executive director, who helped develop Marin’s nonlethal program. “It has become a national model based on coexistence, community involvement and a recognition that coyotes and other predators are vital to healthy ecosystems.”
“Californians shouldn’t adopt the shoot-first, ask questions later approach taken elsewhere,” said Elly Pepper, a wildlife advocate with the Natural Resources Defense Council. “These letters call on the counties to make sure nonlethal efforts are used first to address wildlife conflicts.”
“Wildlife Services has long fostered a culture of cruelty among employees, overlooking glaring misconduct and ignoring readily available alternatives to its outdated wildlife management tools,” noted D.J. Schubert, a wildlife biologist at the Animal Welfare Institute.
Copies of the demand letters are available upon request.
ALDF was founded in 1979 with the unique mission of protecting the lives and advancing the interests of animals through the legal system. For more information, please visit aldf.org.
The Center for Biological Diversity is a national, nonprofit conservation organization with more than 775,000 members and online activists dedicated to the protection of endangered species and wild places.
Project Coyote is a North America coalition of wildlife educators, scientists, predator friendly ranchers, and community leaders promoting coexistence between people and wildlife, and compassionate conservation through education, science, and advocacy. For more information, please visit ProjectCoyote.org.
The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) is an international nonprofit environmental organization with more than 1.4 million members and online activists. Since 1970, our lawyers, scientists, and other environmental specialists have worked to protect the world’s natural resources, public health, and the environment. Visit us at http://www.nrdc.org and follow us on Twitter @NRDC.
Since 1951, the Animal Welfare Institute has been dedicated to reducing animal suffering caused by people. We seek better treatment of animals everywhere – in the laboratory, on the farm, in commerce, at home, and in the wild. For more information, please visit AWIonline.org
Mountain Lion Foundation is a national nonprofit organization protecting mountain lions and their habit. Visit mountainlion.org
http://exposingthebiggame.wordpress.com/2014/07/02/humboldt-and-mendocino-counties-urged-to-void-contract-with-secretive-inhumane-wildlife-services/
#USDAWildlifeServices
THE U.S.D.A.'S WAR ON WILDLIFE
http://stopwaronwilderness.blogspot.com/p/vote4wilderness-and-usda-wildlife.html
All information below about the U.S.D.A. Wildlife Services is courtesy of Predator Defense.
Please visit Predator Defense at:
Please visit Predator Defense at:
Predator Defense @PredatorDefense
We're working to reform Wildlife Services' lethal and indiscriminate predator control program. It wastes millions of taxpayer dollars using methods that are ineffective, cruel, and hazardous to humans and pets.
About Wildlife Services
USDA Wildlife Services is the only federal program that kills native predators at the request of ranchers and state wildlife management agencies. Changing the barbaric, indiscriminate and wasteful predator control methods used by Wildlife Services is a primary focus of our legislative work.
USDA Inspector General will investigate Wildlife Services after accusations of reckless predator control, abuse of animals, and failure to account for costs
- Los Angeles Times, Jan. 4, 2014
http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-me-wildlife-killing-20140105,0,2146578.story#ixzz2pZBZOMbv
Congressmen ask Inspector General to make audit of Wildlife Services a top priority - Letter from Peter DeFazio and John Campbell, Sept. 20, 2013
http://predatordefense.org/docs/WS_letter_audit_OIG_09-20-13.pdf
"Agriculture's Misnamed Agency" - New York Times editorial, July 18, 2013
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/18/opinion/agricultures-misnamed-agency.html?_r=2&
Read ongoing Sacramento Bee exposé
http://predatordefense.org/USDA.htm#SacBee
Learn more about Wildlife Services
http://predatordefense.org/USDA.htm#intro
#USDAWildlifeServices
SACRAMENTO BEE EXPOSE ON WILDLIFE SERVICES LEADS TO CALL FOR CONGRESSIONAL INVESTIGATION
We've been working for several years with Tom Knudson, a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist from the Sacramento Bee, on an exposé on USDA Wildlife Services' out-of-control "predator control" program. The Bee came through with an impressive, in-depth piece of investigative journalism indicting this brutal government program, along with a number of insightful editorials and features linked below:
SACRAMENTO BEE EXPOSE
The killing agency: Wildlife Services' brutal methods leave a trail of animal death (part 1 of 3) - Wildlife Services is a federal agency that operates in secrecy, using brutal traps, poison and aerial gunning to kill thousands of animals, with accidental victims that include federally protected species, family pets and injured people. Sacramento Bee, Apr. 28, 2012
http://www.sacbee.com/2012/04/28/4450678/the-killing-agency-wildlife-services.html
Wildlife Services' deadly force opens Pandora's box of environmental problems (part 2 of 3) - Wildlife Services' predator control is coming under fire from scientists, former employees and others, who say it is expensive, ineffective and can set off a chain reaction of unintended, often negative, environmental consequences. Sacramento Bee, Apr. 30, 2012
http://www.sacbee.com/2012/04/30/4452212/wildllife-services-deadly-force.html
Suggestions in changing Wildlife Services range from new practices to outright bans (part 3 of 3) - Critics of Wildlife Services suggest solutions that include nonlethal control; curtailing aerial gunning; a ban on leg-hold traps, neck snares and cyanide poison; more transparency; cutting its budget; and perhaps eliminating the agency altogether.
http://www.sacbee.com/2012/05/06/4469067/suggestions-in-changing-wildlife.html
Sacramento Bee, May 6, 2012
SACRAMENTO BEE EDITORIALS
Wildlife Services needs a tight leash - Sacramento Bee, May 6, 2012
http://www.sacbee.com/2012/05/06/4467305/wildlife-services-needs-a-tight.html#storylink=scinlineshare
Cartoon: "I can't believe people think there could be adverse consequences to these coyote kills..." - Sacramento Bee, May 6, 2012
http://www.sacbee.com/2012/05/06/4467305_a4467301/wildlife-services-needs-a-tight.html
Put pressure on Wildlife Services - Sacramento Bee, May 27, 2012
http://www.sacbee.com/2012/05/27/4517631/put-pressure-on-wildlife-services.html
SACRAMENTO BEE FOLLOW-UP ARTICLES
M-44s lure animal with smelly bait, kill with cyanide - details just one of the indiscriminate and deadly killing techniques used by Wildlife Services. Sacramento Bee, published April 30, 2012
http://www.sacbee.com/2012/04/30/4452125/m-44s-lure-animal-with-smelly.html
Efforts to investigate Wildlife Services' methods continue - Shows renewed attention is being drawn to the federal government's wildlife damage control program as a result of: (1) a bipartisan letter from four U.S. Representatives requesting a congressional investigation, and (2) a "notice of violation" and $2,400 fine issued to a Wildlife Services' employee for placing a spring-loaded sodium cyanide ejector (M-44) near a family's home in Texas that killed their dog, Bella. Sacramento Bee, June 25, 2012.
(See special note* below regarding Predator Defense's focused work on these two projects.)
http://www.sacbee.com/2012/06/25/4586191/efforts-to-investigate-wildlife.html#storylink=scinlineshare
Wildlife Services meets with its critics - Sacramento Bee, June 30, 2012
http://www.sacbee.com/2012/06/30/4601217/wildlife-services-meets-with-its.html
Davis cuts ties with Wildlife Services over coyote killings - Sacramento Bee, July 19, 2012
http://www.sacbee.com/2012/07/19/4641316/davis-cuts-ties-with-wildlife.html#mi_rss=Our%20Region%23storylink=cpy
U.S. wildlife worker's online photos of animal abuse stir outrage - Sacramento Bee, Nov. 2, 2012
http://www.sacbee.com/2012/11/02/4956169/us-wildlife-workers-online-photos.html#storylink=misearch
Federal Wildlife Services makes a killing in animal-control business - Sacramento Bee, Nov. 18, 2012
http://www.sacbee.com/2012/11/18/4994110/federal-wildlife-services-makes.html
Reform urged for Wildlife Services - Sacramento Bee, Nov. 18, 2012
http://www.sacbee.com/2012/11/18/4994107/reform-urged-for-wildlife-services.html
U.S. wildlife agent accused of trapping a neighbor's dog - Sacramento Bee, Jan. 31, 2013
http://www.sacbee.com/2013/01/31/5153892/us-wildlife-agent-accused-of-trapping.html
Federal agency gives few answers on months-long probe of alleged animal cruelty - FOXnews.com, June 12, 2013
http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/06/12/8-months-after-federal-agency-investigates-animal-cruelty-questions-remain/
Documents show questions about Wildlife Services probe in animal cruelty - Sacramento Bee, June 15, 2013
http://www.sacbee.com/2013/06/15/5499260/documents-show-questions-about.html
SACRAMENTO BEE VIDEOS
Target and non-target animals often suffer - includes three videos of our work at Predator Defense, helping human and animal victims of Wildlife Services. Sacramento Bee, Apr. 30, 2012
http://www.sacbee.com/2012/04/28/4449670/wildlife-videos.html
*NOTE: The request for a Congressional investigation and oversight hearings on Wildlife Services mentioned above is an effort we have worked on intensively for many years. In their letter to the Chairman of the Committee on Oversight and Goverment Reform, the two U.S. Representatives we've been working with—Peter DeFazio (D-Oregon) and John Campbell (R-Irvine)—cite the program's waste of federal dollars, harm to ecosystems, and secrecy regarding practices and spending. Read letter to Committee Chairman, Darrell Isssa.
http://predatordefense.org/docs/WS_letter_oversight_hearings_06-08-12.pdf
We also worked for over a year with the family in Texas who lost their dog to the M-44 placed by the Wildlife Services employee being fined. Read Bella's story:
http://predatordefense.org/m44s_bella.htm
MORE IN THE NEWS
Congressmen question costs, mission of Wildlife Services agency -
Los Angeles Times, Jan. 4, 2014
http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-me-wildlife-killing-20140105,0,2146578.story#ixzz2pZBZOMbv
Agriculture's Misnamed Agency - The New York Times, July 17, 2013
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/18/opinion/agricultures-misnamed-agency.html?_r=1&
The Controversy over the Federal Government's 'Predator Control' Program - HealthNewsDigest.com, Nov. 17, 2012
http://www.healthnewsdigest.com/news/Environment_380/The_Controversy_Over_the_Federal_Government_s_predator_control_Program.shtml
Congresswoman Pushes for Transparency from Secretive Agency: The Wildlife Killers - Voice of San Diego, Aug. 2, 2012
http://www.voiceofsandiego.org/government/article_f8244020-dcf9-11e1-8a8a-001a4bcf887a.html
American Society of Mammalogists letter recommends redirecting Wildlife Services operations - Mar. 21, 2012. Sample Comment: "We see from WS a heavy and inflexible emphasis on lethal control and a lack of scientific self-assessment of the effects of WS’s lethal control programs on native mammals and ecosystems."
http://www.mammalsociety.org/uploads/committee_files/ASM-Federal%20wildlife%20control%20letter_0.pdf
Bill to Ban Two Deadly Poisons Used by USDA Wildlife Services Re-introduced in Congress - Mar. 20, 2012
http://predatordefense.org/legislation.htm
Taxpayers Subsidizing Wildlife Extermination Program, Probe Shows - Kansas City Star, Aug. 18, 2011
http://predatordefense.org/docs/USDA_article_KansasCityStar_Taxpayers_subsidizing_wildlife_extermination_08-18-2011.pdf
America's Secret War on Wildlife - Christopher Ketcham's article on federal agency that keeps the West safe for cows by killing coyotes, wolves, bears, and pet dogs - Men's Journal, Jan. 2008
http://predatordefense.org/docs/m44_article_Mens_Journal_waronwildlife_Jan2008.pdf
Poison Traps Kill Unintended Victims - High Country News, Mar. 13, 2000
http://www.hcn.org/issues/174/5628
YOUR TAX DOLLARS AT WORK
The following pictures show animals injured or killed as the result of Wildlife Services' methods. WARNING: These pictures are very graphic and may not be suitable for children.
Victims of M-44 sodium cyanide devices
http://predatordefense.org/m44s.htm
Nine fox kits orphaned by USDA's Wildlife Services
Photo
http://predatordefense.org/images/fox_kits1.jpg
Story
http://predatordefense.org/docs/USDA_news_fox_kits_07-22-08.pdf
Domestic cat injured in leg hold trap set by Wildlife Services. Leg was later amputated.
http://predatordefense.org/images/USDA_Cat_lost_leg_in_trap.jpeg
Young puppy suffers after being caught in Wildlife Services’ necksnare. The puppy was discovered by area residents and the photo was taken after one week of healing.
http://predatordefense.org/images/USDA_Pup_WS_Necksnare_Injury.jpg
Coyote caught in Wildlife Services necksnare
http://predatordefense.org/images/USDA_Coyote_WS_Necksnare.jpg
Warning signs required to be posted by Wildlife Services.
Often the signs are not posted or are missing.
http://predatordefense.org/images/USDA_WS_Trap_warning_sign.jpg
School children in Montana pose with wolves that Wildlife Services killed with aerial gunning in 2004. Seven wolves were killed in this incident.
http://predatordefense.org/images/USDA_Wolves_WS_Killed&Kids.jpg
Cougars killed by Wildlife Services. This infamous photo of the severed heads of 11 mountain lions was taken by an outraged employee of the Arizona Game and Fish Department. These animals were among 24 lions killed by the federal agency Animal Damage Control (now called Wildlife Services) in the Galiuro mountains of Arizona, a wilderness area North of Willcox. All were killed on federal lands on the Coronado National Forest over a six-month period from December 1988-May 1989.
While it is uncertain whether any of these cougars ever preyed on livestock, the ostensible purpose of the killings was to protect cattle that were grazing on public lands. This type of indiscriminate lethal predator control continues in almost all of the states where mountain lions occur.
California is an exception in that only specific mountain lions documented to have killed livestock or threatened people are subject to lethal control by wildlife agencies. Also, in California no sport hunting of mountain lions is allowed.
http://predatordefense.org/images/USDA_Cougar_Heads_lg.jpg
INTRODUCTION
Wildlife Services (formerly Animal Damage Control) is a program of the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Every year, Wildlife Services spends millions of dollars to kill thousands of predators—coyotes, wolves, bears, mountain lions, and many others—as a subsidy for the livestock industry. The animals are shot, poisoned, gassed, snared, and caught in leghold traps. Wildlife Services programs operate on both private and public lands. See Wildlife Services program directives :
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wildlife_damage/ws_directives.shtml
Wildlife Services policies and procedures have been questioned almost since the inception of the program. Although livestock damage is a valid concern, Wildlife Services also kills animals for eating flowers and pet food, digging in gardens, frightening people, and other concerns that could easily be addressed by nonviolent methods. And Wildlife Services runs programs to control bird damage, primarily in the eastern U.S. and at airports, as well as programs to remove damaging non-predatory wildlife.
In addition, Wildlife Services wastes millions of taxpayer dollars by spending far more to kill predators than the actual damage those predators cause. Scientific proof that Wildlife Services practices control livestock damage is markedly lacking.
Despite the opposition of environmentalists and a series of scathing advisory reports over the years, Wildlife Services has survived and prospered, primarily as a pet program of the powerful livestock industry. In recent years, Wildlife Services has been branching out to increase its programs to remove wildlife from urban areas and to promote itself to the public and to schools and other organizations.
USDA WILDLIFE SERVICES' KILL DATA:
The following charts on kill data are sourced directly from USDA Wildlife Services:
Animals killed nationwide by species during FY 2011
http://predatordefense.org/docs/WS_all_kills_by_species.pdf
Animals killed nationwide by method during FY 2011
http://predatordefense.org/docs/WS_all_kills_by_method.pdf
Animals killed in Oregon by method during FY 2011
http://predatordefense.org/docs/WS_OR_kills_by_method.pdf
Mammaliam Kill Data for 2007
http://predatordefense.org/docs/USDA_Kill_Data_Chart_2007.pdf
Animals Shot from Aircraft, 2001-2007
http://predatordefense.org/docs/USDA_Kill_Data_Chart_Air_2001-07.pdf
With some work, you can also find these tables on the USDA Wildlife Services website. Their presentation is not user-friendly, which is telling.
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wildlife_damage/prog_data/2010_prog_data/index.shtml
HISTORY
Animal Damage Control began in 1886 as a program to advise people on how to control damaging birds. It began killing predators in 1914 and has continued to do so ever since.
ADC has been the subject of scathing reviews by many bodies: the American Society of Mammalogists in 1930, the Advisory Board on Wildlife Management for the Department of the Interior in 1963, the Advisory Committee on Predator Control for the Department of the Interior in 1971,and the Animal Damage Control Policy Study Committee for the Department of the Interior in 1978.
While these hearings have been harshly critical of ADC’s predator-killing policies, little substantive change has resulted. For a time, poisons were banned, but the bans have been rescinded for the most part, with only widespread broadcasting of Compound 1080 and strychnine still unpracticed. ADC’s response to anti-poison campaigns in the ‘80’s was to facilitate its move from the Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, which livestock owners felt was too soft on predators, to the presumably less "predator-friendly" Department of Agriculture.
WILDLIFE SERVICES CHRONOLOGY
1886 - USDA creates the Branch of Economic Ornithology and Mammalogy, after interviewing farmers about bird damage. Programs concentrate on bird damage and control, and researching poisoning of house sparrows. No direct work conducted.
1890 - Name changed to Division of Ornithology and Mammalogy
1896 - Name changed to Division of Biological Survey
1905 - Name changed to Bureau of Biological Survey. Advice on coyote and wolf control becomes a priority.
1913 - Direct control efforts begin, controlling plague-bearing rodents.
1914 - Direct predator control work begins.
1915 - Congress allots $125,000 for predator control.
1916 - Eradication Methods Laboratory opens in Albuquerque for poison research.
1921 - Laboratory moves to Denver, CO. Years later, it becomes the still existing Denver Wildlife Research Center, which still invents new wildlife killing poisons and devices.
1924 - Name changed to Division of Predatory Animal and Rodent Control (PARC).
1930 - American Society of Mammalogists issues a paper condemning PARC. This paper almost lead to $1 million in Federal funds being canceled. Congress holds hearings on PARC.
1931 - After the hearings, President Hoover signs the Animal Damage Control Act of 1931, which authorizes direct and cooperative control programs by PARC. This is still the primary statutory law under which ADC operates today.
1934 - Name change to Division of Game Management, Section of Predator and Rodent Control.
1936 - Pocatello Supply depot, which manufactures poisons, traps, etc., opens in Idaho.
1938 - Name change to Division of Predator and Rodent Control (PARC).
1939 - PARC is transferred from USDA to the Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.
1948 - Name change to Branch of Predator and Rodent Control.
1963 - After growing criticism from environmental groups, Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall appoints the Advisory Board on Wildlife Management to look into predator control in the U.S.
1964 - "Predator and Rodent Control in the United States", usually referred to as the Leopold Report, after advisory committee member A. Starker Leopold, is published. The report was sharply critical of predator control as being indiscriminate, nonselective, and excessive. The report led to only minor, primarily administrative, changes in predator control practice. Another name change made, this time to the euphemistic Division of Wildlife Services.
1970 - Faith McNulty writes "Must They Die?", which criticizes ADC’s role in endangering the black-footed ferret.
1971 - "Slaughter the Animals, Poison the Earth", a book highly critical of ADC, by Jack Olsen is published. Lawsuits from animal welfare groups over excessive poison use lead to the appointment of the Advisory Committee on Predator Control, headed by mammalogist Stanley Cain.
1972 - The Cain report is published. It calls for an end to the use of poisons, and states that the benefits of predator control programs are highly exaggerated. 15 recommendations were made, including banning poisons. As a result, President Nixon signed Executive Order 11643, which banned the use of poisons by Federal agents and on Federal lands. The Environmental Protection Agency cancels all registrations for Compound 1080, thallium, sodium cyanide, and strychnine.
1973 - The Endangered Species Act is passed.
1974 - Name changed to Animal Damage Control.
1975 - Gerald Ford amends the Executive Order to allow usage of M 44’s.
1976 - Gerald Ford amends the Executive Order to allow usage of sodium cyanide.
1978 - Yet another committee is appointed by the Department of the Interior to study ADC—the Animal Damage Control Policy Study Committee. The report was extremely critical of the ADC program, and called for it to be terminated. The Department of the Interior then issued "Predator Damage in the West A Study of Coyote Management Alternatives".
1979 - The report leads to an order from Secretary of the Interior Cecil Andrus to stop denning and research on Compound 1080 and to consider non-lethal control methods. ADC issues its firs Environmental Impact Report.
1980 - "Incident at Eagle Ranch" by Donald Schueler, a book exposing unethical and illegal predator control practices in Texas, is published. The Western Regional Coordinating Committee, composed of ADC employees and University Extension personnel who used ADC services, opposes Andrus’ policy and calls for a transfer of ADC to USDA, saying that the Department of the Interior does not respect the needs of the livestock industry.
1981 - The EPA holds hearings on ADC. Secretary of the Interior James Watt rescinds the ban on denning. President Reagan signs an executive order revoking President Nixon’s ban on poisons.
1985 - Pressure builds to return ADC to USDA.
1986 - Legislation passes and ADC returns to USDA under the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). Yet another panel is formed by the USDA to study ADC--the National Animal Damage Control Advisory Committee. Out of 20 members, one is an environmentalist and one an animal welfare advocate. Among other panelists are representatives of the livestock, timber, and fur industries.
1989 - ADC begins official claims that its policy is "integrated pest management".
1990 - The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services Law Enforcement discovered Wildlife Services’ illegal trade of poisons, including Compound 1080. This investigation was called the “Wyoming Sting”.
1990 - Draft Environmental Impact Statement is issued. GAO report finds that ADC kills coyotes even when damage has not occurred.
1993 - Environmental Impact Statement issued.
1994 - GAO investigation finds that ADC uses primarily lethal control methods.
1998 - For 24 hours Wildlife Services’ Lethal Control Program was in jeopardy of being completely eliminated. A bill introduced by Congressman Peter DeFazio of Oregon passed in the House that would have cut all federal funding for lethal predator control. The amendment passed 229 to 193. Unfortunately, after passage, powerful Republican house members Bob Smith of Oregon and Joe Skeen of New Mexico worked the phones overnight with the help of the American Farm Bureau to invalidate this vote. In an unprecedented move, they called for a revote the following day based on a technicality in amendment wording. In the revote the bill failed 232 to 191.
2006 - An audit conducted by the USDA Office of Inspector General found that biological agents and toxins used by Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service to kill wildlife they consider a nuisance are poorly safeguarded. (Wildlife Services is a branch of APHIS.) The audit faulted the agency for: 1) failing to keep accurate inventories of agents or toxins, 2) not restricting access to agents or toxins, and 3) not having complete security plans. Auditors visited 10 of 75 registered entities where agents are kept and found that none of the 10 complied with security regulations.
FINANCING
Wildlife Services costs Americans millions of tax dollars annually to kill thousands of predators using methods that are ineffective and cruel.
Who benefits? Many western ranchers enjoy this subsidy but they are under no obligation to change their livestock management practices to reduce predator conflicts.
METHODS
Leghold traps
Leghold traps work by catching the target animal by the toes, foot or leg with a tightly-gripping metal trap, usually chained to a stake in the ground. The trap may be lightly padded. Trapped animals suffer severe injuries, exposure, thirst, and hunger.
Conibear Traps
Conibear traps are a "quick-kill" trap that crushes an animal to kill it. They are primarily used for water animals such as beaver and muskrat. Pets have been found in these traps--some still alive. Meet a Conibear trap victim.
http://predatordefense.org/traps_maggie.htm
Snares
ADC uses two types of snares, which are not differentiated in the statistics. Foothold snares are designed to catch large animals by the foot and hold them. They pose less of an injury risk than legholds, although there are still problems with exposure, etc. This type of snare is used mainly on bears and mountain lions, and occasionally coyotes.
The other type of snare is a killing snare, which is designed to catch an animal by the neck and strangle it. These snares also catch animals around the body, with lethal results. These are used to catch many types of smaller animals and coyotes.
Cage traps
Although cage traps may seem innocuous, it must be noted that the majority of animals Wildlife Services traps in them are killed, not released. Wildlife Services uses cage traps primarily for "cosmetic" and liability issues in urban areas.
Aerial gunning
Wildlife Services kills thousands of coyotes and red foxes by chasing them down and shooting them from helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft.
Shooting
Many predators are killed by calling and shooting, which is the use of a call making a sound resembling a prey animal to lure predators in close enough to be shot. Others are simply shot outright.
Hunting dogs
Some dogs are used to track and tree raccoons, bears and mountain lions. Others kill animals such as coyotes. "Decoy dogs" are also used to lure coyotes in to be shot.
Compound 1080
Compound 1080, whose chemical name is sodium fluoroacetate, is a tasteless, odorless, colorless poison that is especially lethal to canines but is extremely poisonous to all mammals.
In the past, large chunks of meat were baited and left out where they killed any predator or scavenger that ate them. At present, the only legal use of Compound 1080 is in "livestock protection collars" (LPC’s), which are rubber bladders that are filled with a water solution of 1080 and placed around the necks of sheep or goats. However, ADC employees have been convicted in the past for illegally trading in 1080. There is a widespread belief by federal investigators that a black market for both still exists.
Coyotes normally attack sheep by biting them in the neck. When a coyote punctures an LPC, a few drops of the poison enter the coyote’s mouth. The remainder drips onto the wool and into the torn flesh of the target sheep (which invariably dies) and onto the ground or plants where the sheep is attacked.
The poisoned coyote can take hours to die. While in most species 1080 kills by causing ventricular fibrillation or other cardiac problems, in canines death is preceded by vomiting, convulsions, severe abdominal pain, staggering, whimpering, and drooling. The meat that poisoned coyotes vomit up is extremely toxic to scavengers. In the days when 1080 was used to bait carcasses and frequently poisoned dogs, the vomit from one dog sometimes wiped out whole packs of hunting hounds.
While Wildlife Services is required to attempt to find poisoned coyotes, less than 10 percent are recovered. These carcasses serve as poison bait stations to scavengers, as does that of the dead sheep, which under regulations can remain on the range as long as a week. In addition, the collars are often punctured by barbed wire or vegetation, or simply fall off the sheep.
According to the Predator Project (now Predator Conservation Alliance, a wildlife advocacy group in Bozeman Montana), "Historically, there has been insufficient monitoring and record-keeping of the LPC [Livestock Protection Collar]. Texas was one of the first states to reissue the LPC and is its greatest proponent. In a report issued by the Texas Center for Policy Studies ("TDA's Failed Enforcement for Predator Poisons," April 1995), the Texas Department of Agriculture (TDA) was found to be keeping inconsistent and contradictory records of LPC use within the state. The Texas Center for Policy Studies (TCPS) found that 1) in 1994, TDA did only 50% of the required inspections of LPC users, and 2) TDA has not done any of the required inspections during any of the last 4 years. TCPS concludes that without the inspections, the public and the EPA cannot be assured the Compound 1080 is being stored, used, and disposed of properly; and TDA cannot carry out enforcement against misuse of these dangerous poisons. This pattern of inadequate supervision cannot be assumed to be specific to Texas as much as it may be specific to use of the LPC." There is no antidote for Compound 1080 poisoning. Learn more about Compound 1080 :
http://predatordefense.org/1080.htm
M-44’s
M-44’s are spring-propelled sodium cyanide cartridges. A small pipe is spring-loaded with the cartridge then pounded into the ground and topped with an absorbent wick scented with carrion, musk, etc. When an animal pulls on the wick, the spring propels the cyanide charge into the animal’s mouth. The animal can die within minutes or it can suffer as long as eight hours.
M-44’s are primarily used for coyotes and, to a lesser extent, red foxes. They have one of the largest percentages of non-target kills of any device, as any animal that is attracted to the scent of carrion can be lured and killed.
Sodium cyanide is extremely lethal to humans as well. Wildlife Services employees and anyone else who places or services M44s is supposed to carry amyl nitrate to counteract the cyanide. Hikers, children, or others who stumble across such a device will have no such protection. Cyanide is lethal and can kill within minutes. Learn more about M-44s :
http://predatordefense.org/m44s.htm
THE MYTH OF SELECTIVITY
Wildlife Services repeatedly claims that its methods are "selective", implying that they only remove animals actually causing damage. For example, the Wildlife Services customer-service brochure states that, "We will support the most humane, selective, and effective control techniques."
However, the reality is that most Wildlife Services methods are nonselective, in the sense that they will kill many animals apart from the ones doing damage. Coyotes, the predator killed in the greatest number by Wildlife Services, make a good example. Approximately 75,000 to 90,000 coyotes are killed every year by Wildlife Services—vastly more than are reported as problems.
SELECTIVITY OF LETHAL CONTROL METHODS
Shooting from fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters is not selective. With this method aircraft fly over a large area and all coyotes observed are shot.
Shooting is selective if the animals are shot in the act of doing damage. Shooting coyotes on sight is not selective.
Leghold traps and snares are somewhat selective in cases where an animal actually killed by a coyote is used as the bait. However, in most cases bait or lures are used to attract the coyotes, which makes these methods non-selective. Many non-target animals are caught with this method.
M-44 cyanide ejectors are not selective. Any animal attracted to carrion, or other scent, used to attract coyotes will be affected.
Calling and shooting are not selective. Any coyote within range that responds to the call will be shot.
Hunting with dogs can be selective. In coyote hunting, dogs are often used to lure parent coyotes away from dens regardless of whether these coyotes have done damage. Their use in such a fashion is not selective. More often Wildlife Services uses dogs to hunt cougars and bear.
In short, most of the above methods will be used against all coyotes in a given area, not against specific coyotes causing damage.
WILDLIFE SERVICES' POISONS ARSENAL
The use of poisons to control predators is as old as the West. Trappers, ranchers, and Wildlife Services agents all use a myriad of poisons on both public and private lands. The poisons that are used are delivered by different mechanisms.
The deadly “tools” of USDA’s Wildlife Services include:
Alpha Chloralose
Aluminum Phosphide
Aminopyridine, Avitrol, 4-AP
Bone Tar Oil
Brodifacoum
Cholecalciferol (Quintox)
DRC-1339
Fenthion
Immobilizing/ Euthanizing Agents
Mineral Oil: Petroleum Distillates
Glyphosate
Polybutene
Sodium Cyanide
Sodium Fluoroacetate
Sodium Nitrate
Strychnine
Zinc Phosphide
Alpha Chloralose (C8H11Cl3O6): Immobilizing agent used on waterfowl and other birds. Classified as a soporific, which is a central nervous system depressant designed to immobilize target species at sublethal levels. The compound is slowly metabolized, resulting in a recovery within a few hours from ingestion. Possible accumulation in species that have undergone multiple treatments. Secondary risks to predators a factor if target species not removed promptly after administration of the compound. FDA classified as a narcotic. Primary and secondary toxicity listed as low when the target species is removed. There is no probable aquatic risk due to the use pattern and lack of solubility in water.
Aluminum Phosphide - AIP (55% or 57%) Also known as Fumitoxin, Phostoxin and Detia-Rotox: The compound is registered as a fumigant designed for the control of burrowing rodents. To be used by certified personnel only. Target rodents include pocket gophers, prairie dogs, moles, ground squirrels, muskrats, marmots, voles, and Norway rats. The compound is not persistent in soil due to the conversion to deadly phosphine gas when in contact with moisture, and ultimately (in several days time) to inorganic phosphate. The EPA has placed this compound in their highest toxicity category. The chance of non-target toxicity to burrowing animals is extremely high in targeted areas, and any animal coming in contact with the poison gas will likely be killed.
4-Aminopyridine (C5H6N2), Avitrol, 4-AP: Lethal frightening agent used on grain baits for killing house sparrows, pigeons, blackbirds, and starlings to safeguard public health and safety and to protect against property damage caused by those species. Can be used only by State-certified pesticide applicators. Acutely toxic to both avian and mammalian species. Compound is very water-soluble. It is also highly mobile in soils and has the potential to leach to the ground water. Aquatic organisms are acutely affected at low levels. Biodegradation of the compound is slow in soil and water? its soil half-life extends up to 22 months. Non-accumulative in tissues, and is generally rapidly metabolized by many birds. Secondary poisoning, known for magpies and crows, is a potential.
4-Aminopyridine (Avitrol Concentrate; 25%): Same as above except for the concentration. Used to control gulls. Primary and secondary poisonings probable unless each targeted species is gathered.
Bone Tar Oil (Magic Circle Deer Repellent; 93.75%): Used as an odor repellant to deer. There is no probable risk to primary, secondary, or aquatic toxicity.
Brodifacoum (Weather Blok) ( C31H23O3Br; 0.005%): Federally registered for the control of the Polynesian rat in Hawaii only. The "second generation" anticoagulant compound is contained in a rodent specific application box, so primary, secondary and aquatic toxicity potentials are all low due to the design of the applicator.
Cholecalciferol (Quintox) (C27H44O; 0.075%): Also known as vitamin D3, which is used by humans for dietary supplementation. The compound is used in the control of rodents. As above, this compound is applied in a target-specific box which results in "target only" toxicity. The compound is not mobile in soils. There is little chance of bioaccumulation in plant or animal tissue. The primary, secondary, and aquatic toxicity potentials are all low.
DRC-1339 (C7H9NCL2): Slow-acting avicide used widely throughout the United States. Lethal in a single feeding. Concentrate may only be used by APHIS Wildlife Services personnel trained in bird damage control or persons under their direct supervision. Commercially available avicide may be used by Wildlife Services personnel as well as others who are State certified in pesticide application. Highly toxic to starlings, blackbirds, and magpies and other birds. More toxic to birds than to mammals. DRC-1339 (98% Feedlots): Used to control blackbirds, starlings, pigeons, crows, cowbirds and grackles. 0.1% concentration tarlicide is a brand name for this: Similar to above, but is not a restricted use pesticide. Federally registered for the control of starlings and blackbirds. Could affect non target species. DRC-1339 (98% Eggs and Meat bait): Similar to above, but in a powder that is applied to bait (eggs and meat). Used primarily to prevent livestock depredation by ravens. Could affect any non-target species that were to consume the poison.
Fenthion (C10H15O3S2P), also known as Rid-A-Bird: Organophosphate compound used on bird perches to poison birds which land or come in contact with it. Also used as an insecticide (mostly mosquito control). Toxic to all avian species. Affects non target species that come in contact with it. Could potentially affect peregrine falcons and other raptors, which are all particularly sensitive to fenthion contamination. Estimated to break down in a week or so under normal conditions.
Immobilizing/ Euthanizing Agents (Ketaset, Beuthanasie-D, Rompun): These are several drugs used by Wildlife Services to target individuals for sedation or death. They are normally injected directly into the animal, so the chance of non target toxicity is negligible.
Mineral Oil: Petroleum Distillates: A petroleum product that is highly lipophilic and easily bioaccumulates in tissues, especially fat tissues. Used primarily for the control of gulls. The product is sprayed on the gull eggs to asphyxiate the embryos. Claimed to be non-toxic to hatched birds as a result of limited studies. Secondary and aquatic toxicity both claimed to be low due to the low degree of toxicity.
Glyphosate (C3H8O4PN): Nonselective herbicide for use in aquatic environments. Designed for control of cattails where blackbirds roost. Used primarily in the summer when the cattails are more affected by the herbicide. It is moderately persistent in soils (50% lost in 60 days). It has a low mobility, but translocates easily into foliage. Low risk of toxicity to animals because the compound was designed as a herbicide. Claims to have no potential risk to primary, secondary, or aquatic species.
Polybutene (80%) also known as Eaton's 4-the-Birds: A transparent, sticky compound that is designed to discourage birds from roosting or perching on treated ledges. Primary, secondary, and aquatic toxicity none due to the non-toxic product. This product can be lethal if applied incorrectly. There are instances where birds will suffer from an excess of the adhesive on their wings and feathers. This compromises their temperature regulation and usually results in death from exposure.
Sodium Cyanide (NaCN): M-44 Cyanide Capsules, 88.62%. Found in a 1 inch tall by 0.44 inch diameter (M-44) ejector mechanism. When in contact with moisture, as when the M-44 ejects the sodium cyanide into the oral cavity, the compound reacts to form a gas, hydrogen cyanide. Hydrogen cyanide is the actual toxicant that causes asphyxiation when inhaled. Specifically developed for the control of coyote depredation on livestock. The devices are to be checked weekly at the very least. The compound is highly mobile in soil. Primary toxicity is a serious potential for non target species. Secondary toxicity is thought to be unlikely due to the nature of the compound and its limited ability to assimilate into tissue.
Sodium Fluoroacetate (FCH2COONa; Compound 1080, 1.04%): Used and modified for the control of coyote depredation to livestock. Originally designed for rodents, but the nontarget effects from the primary and secondary toxicities caused the compound to be cancelled. It was registered again for use in 1985 only in a device called the Livestock Protection Collar (LPC). This is a velcro harness for small sheep and goats with two rubber bladders on each side of the throat which contain a one percent solution of the compound. That amounts to approximately six lethal doses for coyotes. Primary nontarget hazards could result from any animal that comes in contact with the poison or poison-carrying device. Secondary nontarget hazards could arise from any animal coming in contact with an infected organism.
Thought to only attract target species such as coyotes and other canines, Wildlife Services records show a surprising number of other species have succumbed to the poison. Raptors in particular need several days to recover from a sub-lethal exposure to the compound, and have died from lethal doses. There are several raptors and scavenging birds for which compound 1080 poses a serious threat. The compound remains in the tissues of species exposed to the poison. There are also instances of poisoning of domestic animals due to ruptured poison bladders on the collars from vegetation or fencing. An animal that even so much as licks the wool or fur of an infected carcass could receive a lethal dosage.
Unfortunately, little is known about the environmental fate of the compound. It is known that the compound is extremely soluble in water. The potential of plants bioaccumulating the compound in their cells is high. Compound 1080 represents one of the most harmful compounds that Wildlife Services uses. It is an indiscriminate killer. The lethal dose for most animals is around a milligram per kilogram of body weight. There are several threatened or endangered species that could be affected. Since the location of infected animals is seldom known (coyotes and other victims are seldom found), the potential for any of a number of non-target species to come in contact with an infected carcass is incredibly high. After ingesting the poison, it may take up to six hours for death to occur, so the victim can be miles away.
Sodium Nitrate (NaNO3): A pyrotechnic fumigant that emits toxic fumes when burned. If not ignited, the compound is relatively nontoxic. Has been manufactured for more than 40 years. Used mostly in coyote dens. The product is highly mobile in soils. There is little potential for bioaccumulation. When ignited, the gas emitted is carbon monoxide, which causes death by asphyxiation. It has been placed in the highest toxicity category due to the inhalation hazard. Primary toxicity is high. Secondary toxicity is potentially low.
C21H22N2O2: Historically used in the control of vertebrate pests. It is currently restricted to below ground applications in burrows and runways for killing rodents. Can only be used by state-certified pesticide applicators. The compound has moderate mobility in soil. There is a half life of 28 to 112 days depending on conditions (more oxygen = higher rate of biodegradation). This would then be classified as having a moderately low persistence. There is a high primary toxicity in both birds and mammals. There is also a good chance that secondary toxicity may occur to predators and scavengers. Aquatic toxicity is potentially high due to the nature of the poison. This compound is highly toxic to almost anything it may come in contact with. There are several variations of the formula that are designed to target specific species such as pocket gophers, ground squirrels, marmots, woodchucks, and prairie dogs.
Zinc Phosphide (Zn3P2): One of the most widely used rodenticides in the world. Has the ability to kill in one dose, but normally that option is not available due to the offensive taste and odor. Can only be used by state certified pesticide applicators. Primarily used on state owned range land and private lands. Not likely to be mobile in soil, but is fairly persistent. The compound has not been known to bioaccumulate in plant or animal tissues. There is a high avian toxicity, a potential for secondary toxicity due to the persistence of the compound in the gut, and a varying aquatic toxicity.
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